Note on AI Usage

Generative AI tools were used in the preparation of this thesis for the purposes listed below. The language models evaluated in the experiments are the object of the research and are not listed here; their use is described in Chapters 5 and 6.

  • Code assistance. An AI coding assistant (GitHub Copilot with Claude models, including Claude Opus 5.5) was used to write and revise parts of the framework, the web platform, the analysis scripts and the tests. Every change was reviewed, tested and run by the author. On the author's instruction, the assistant also launched experiment runs and analysis scripts and compiled tables and figures from the stored result files; every number was checked by the author.
  • Design of the hand-designed floors. The layouts of the four hand-designed floors were drafted by Claude Opus 5.5 from a description of the intended difficulty. Each draft was accepted only after it was solved exactly, tuned and checked by the procedure of Section 4.6.3.
  • Literature search. Gemini Deep Research and Perplexity were used to find candidate references and to summarise papers. Every reference cited was verified by the author on arxiv.org or on the publisher's page; references that could not be verified were not cited. In one tool's output, eleven entries attached an invented title to the identifier of an unrelated paper; none of them is cited.
  • Drafting and restructuring. An AI assistant was used to restructure the chapters, to draft passages from the author's notes and results, and to check wording and the consistency of numbers across chapters. It also checked conformity with a style guide derived from two theses supervised by the same first supervisor. All numbers were checked against the stored result files, and the author is responsible for every statement.
  • Figures. Gemini (Nano Banana Pro) by Google drew the schematic Figures 1.1, 2.1 to 2.3, 5.1 and 5.2 from the author's specifications. Figures 2.4, 4.1, 4.2 and C.1 were drawn by scripts written with the coding assistant, from the floor files, the exact solver and the author's specification. Screenshots of the platform were captured automatically; data figures were plotted from the result files.

The author takes full responsibility for the content of this thesis.

Declaration of Academic Honesty

I hereby declare that I have not previously submitted the present work for other examinations. I wrote this work independently. All sources, including sources from the Internet, that I have reproduced in either an unaltered or modified form (particularly sources for texts, graphs, tables, and images), have been acknowledged by me as such. I understand that violations of these principles will result in proceedings regarding deception or attempted deception.

Bonn, 5 October 2026

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